Exercise 2.14 of SICP
Exercise 2.14: Demonstrate that Lem is right. Investigate the behavior of the system on a variety of arithmetic expressions. Make some intervals A and B, and use them in computing the expressions A/A and A/B. You will get the most insight by using intervals whose width is a small percentage of the center value. Examine the results of the computation in center-percent form (see exercise 2.12).
> (print (div-interval (make-center-percent 6.8 1) (make-center-percent 6.8 1)))
[1.0002000200020003,1.9998000199979908]
> (print (div-interval (make-center-percent 6.8 .1) (make-center-percent 6.8 .1)))
[1.000002000002,.19999980000021655]
> (print (div-interval (make-center-percent 6.8 .1) (make-center-percent 3.4 .1)))
[2.000004000004,.19999980000021655]
> (print (div-interval (make-center-percent 6.8 .1) (make-center-percent 1.7 .1)))
[4.000008000008,.19999980000021655]
> (print (div-interval (make-center-percent 6.8 .1) (make-center-percent 1.7 .01)))
[4.000000440000004,.1099999890000035]
> (print (par1 (make-center-percent 6.8 .1) (make-center-percent 1.7 .01)))
[1.3600022771855311,.19199981581619266]
> (print (par2 (make-center-percent 6.8 .1) (make-center-percent 1.7 .01)))
[1.3599998237438813,.028000014256019334]
> (print (par1 (make-center-percent 6.8 .1) (make-center-percent 6.8 .1)))
[3.4000136000136,.2999992000024115]
> (print (par2 (make-center-percent 6.8 .1) (make-center-percent 6.8 .1)))
[3.4000000000000004,.10000000000000857]
> (print (par1 (make-center-percent 6.8 10) (make-center-percent 4.7 5)))
[2.844199964577264,22.613352145193346]
> (print (par2 (make-center-percent 6.8 10) (make-center-percent 4.7 5)))
[2.777440701636504,7.05260392723452]
(define (par1 r1 r2) (div-interval (mul-interval r1 r2) (add-interval r1 r2))) (define (par2 r1 r2) (let ((one (make-interval 1 1))) (div-interval one (add-interval (div-interval one r1) (div-interval one r2))))) (define (make-center-percent value p) (make-center-width value (* (abs value) (/ p 100.0)))) (define (percent int) (abs (* 100 (/ (width int) (center int))))) (define (make-interval a b) (cons a b)) (define (lower-bound int) (car int)) (define (upper-bound int) (cdr int)) (define (make-center-width c w) (make-interval (- c w) (+ c w))) (define (center i) (/ (+ (lower-bound i) (upper-bound i)) 2)) (define (width i) (/ (- (upper-bound i) (lower-bound i)) 2)) (define (add-interval x y) (make-interval (+ (lower-bound x) (lower-bound y)) (+ (upper-bound x) (upper-bound y)))) (define (mul-interval x y) (let ((p1 (* (lower-bound x) (lower-bound y))) (p2 (* (lower-bound x) (upper-bound y))) (p3 (* (upper-bound x) (lower-bound y))) (p4 (* (upper-bound x) (upper-bound y)))) (make-interval (min p1 p2 p3 p4) (max p1 p2 p3 p4)))) (define (div-interval x y) (define (spans-zero? i) (and (not (> (lower-bound i) 0)) (not (< (upper-bound i) 0)))) (if (spans-zero? y) (error "The dividing interval cannot span 0.") (mul-interval x (make-interval (/ 1.0 (upper-bound y)) (/ 1.0 (lower-bound y)))))) (define (sub-interval2 x y) (let ((p1 (- (lower-bound x) (lower-bound y))) (p2 (- (lower-bound x) (upper-bound y))) (p3 (- (upper-bound x) (lower-bound y))) (p4 (- (upper-bound x) (upper-bound y)))) (make-interval (min p1 p2 p3 p4) (max p1 p2 p3 p4)))) (define (sub-interval x y) (make-interval (- (lower-bound x) (upper-bound y)) (- (upper-bound x) (lower-bound y)))) (define (print int) (newline) (display "[") (display (center int)) (display ",") (display (percent int)) (display "]") (newline))